,DECI.N ,MAK+ ,GUIDE TO ,PR9T ,SIZE ,SELEC;N ,AM&A ,LUECK & ,IAN ,BAILEY ,PUBLI%$ BY ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY WWW4APH4ORG ,COPY"R ^C #BJAH ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 ,FUR!R REPRODUC;N OR 4TRIBU;N 9 O!R ?AN A SPECIALIZ$ =MAT IS PROHIBIT$4 ,TRANSCRIP;N (3 ,CATALOG ,NUMB]3 #G-#IFAEF-#JJ ,TRANSCRIB$ #BJAH 9TO ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL BY ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY ,9 #A ,VOLUME ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#D1 P#A1 & #A-#DI ,PR9T PAGES #A-#DE T#A ,,,SPECIAL SYMBOLS US$ 9 ? VOLUME,' .= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0 .=444 ,ELLIPSIS .=77 ,D\BLE PRIME .=@A ,AT SIGN .=@& ,AMP]S& .=@.< ,OP5+ TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE 9DICATOR .=@.> ,CLOS+ TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE 9DICATOR .=^R ,REGI/]$ SIGN .=^1 ,BOLD ^W 9DICATOR .=^7 ,BOLD PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=^' ,BOLD T]M9ATOR .=_/ ,SLA% .="< ,OP5+ P>5!SIS .="3 ,L9E MODE 9DICATOR .="7 EQUALS .="8 "TS " .="9 ,A/]ISK .="> ,CLOS+ P>5!SIS .=.1 ,ITALIC ^W 9DICATOR .=.7 ,ITALIC PASSAGE 9DICATOR .=.0 ,P]C5T SIGN .=.- ,"USCORE .=.' ,ITALIC T]M9ATOR .=,' ,CAPITALS T]M9ATOR .=,- ,DA% .=,,, ,CAPITALIZ$ PASSAGE 9DICATOR T#C ,,TRANSCRIB]',S ,,NOTES ,? VOLUME IS TRANSCRIB$ AC TO .7,! ,RULES ( ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1.' ,SECOND ,$I;N #BJAC4 ,? VOLUME HAS BE5 TRANSCRIB$ AC TO .7,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T-TO-,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N1 #BJAF ,PRE-,PUBLICA;N ,REL1SE4.' ,BLOCK$ P>AGRAPHS >E 9D5T$4 ,DECI.N ,MAK+ ,GUIDE TO ,PR9T ,SELEC;N ,AU?ORS ,AM&A ,LUECK1 ,PH4,D4 & ,IAN ,BAILEY1 ,,,O4D41 M4S41 F4B4C4O1 F4A4A4O4,' ,$ITORS ,ELA9E ,KIT*EL1 ,M4,$4 ,KELLY ,MIMMS1 ,,MFA ,PROJECT ,ASSI/ANT ,LAURA ,ZI]] ,3TRIBUTORS ,LILA ,ADK9S1 ,C>Y ,CRUMPTON1 ,JACK ,DECK]1 ,FRANK ,HAYD51 ,KATE ,H]NDON1 ,PHIL ,MOORE1 ,/EVE ,P>IS1 ,BETTY ,J1N ,REECE1 ,BRYAN ,RODG]S ,,APH^R ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 ,COPY"R ^C #BJAH P#A ,DECI.N ,MAK+ #A ,GUIDE TO ,PR9T ,SIZE ,SELEC;N ,DET]M9A;N ( ,APPROPRIATE ,PR9T ,SIZE ,US+ ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE ,PROCESS3 ,A ,QK ,ME?OD TO ,E/IMATE ,PR9T ,SIZE ,AM&A ,LUECK1 ,PH4,D4 & ,IAN ,BAILEY1 ,,,O4D41 M4S41 F4B4C4O1 F4A4A4O4,' ,? IS A QK GUIDE TO DET]M9E ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE = 9DIVIDUALS :O H L[ VI.N4 ,X W 5SURE T _! PR9T R1D+ MAT]IAL IS NEI TOO SMALL NOR TOO L>GE4 ,! PROCESS PRES5T$ "H PROVIDES VALUABLE 9=MA;N T C 2 US$ Z A 2G9N+ E/IMATE = APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE4 ,! E/IMATE = APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE C 2 R1*$ Z "P ( A LE>N+ M$IA ASSESS;T ) ! USE ( ^W1 S5T;E1 & PASSAGE R1D+ *>TS TO >RIVE AT E/IMATES ( ! PR9T SIZES NE$$ = V>I\S TASKS4 ,S9CE ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE #A C V>Y1 DEP5D+ ^U ! R1D+ TASK1 X IS A#A IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] T ! SIZE DET]M9$ BY ? QK ME?OD MAY REQUIRE ADJU/;T TO BE/ FIT SPECIFIC K9DS ( R1D+ TASKS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONCE A PR9T SIZE IS DET]M9$ "TS">1 A L>G] PR9T SIZE MAY 2 REQUIR$ --------------------------------------#B = ! /UD5T TO R1D MA? PROBLEMS & A SMALL] SIZE MAY 2 REQUIR$ TO R1D AN EASY "W ( FIC;N4 ,FUR!RMORE1 R1D+ MAT]IAL PRES5T$ TO 9DIVIDUAL *N1 DEP5D+ ON _! VISUAL 3DI;N1 M/ TAKE 9TO A3.T O!R ASPECTS ( TEXT F1TURES S* Z FONT /YLE & SPAC+ ( LRS1 ^WS1 OR L9ES ( PR9T4 ,VISUAL CAPABILITIES S* Z VISUAL FIELD1 LR 3TRA/1 EYE MOVE;T CAPABILITIES1 ILLUM9A;N NE$S1 A3OMMODA;N CAPABILITIES1 & COLOR 4CRIM9A;N ABILITIES %D 2 TAK5 9TO A3.T Z WELL "<,KRAN @& ,MAY]1 9 PRESS">4 ,! M1SURE;TS F ^! *>TS (F] A />T+ PO9T4 ,! SKILL$ EVALUATOR W CORROBORATE & ADJU/ PR9T SIZES TO MEET ! DEM&S ( EA* R1D+ TASK BAS$ ^U 9PUT F ! R1D] & OBS]VA;NS ( R1D+ EASE & E6ICI5CY4 ,TO USE ? 8QK0 SY/EM1 AN A#B EVALUATOR %D "U/& ! M1N+ ( ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 ^7,CLOSE/ ,VIEW+ ,4T.E3^' ,! %ORTE/ VIEW+ 4T.E AT : A P]SON C R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T SIZE )\T ! PR9T 2COM+ BLURRY4 --------------------------------------#C ^7,BE/ ,CLOSE ,VIEW+ ,4T.E3^' ,A PR$ICT$ VIEW+ 4T.E T ALL[S = GD VISUAL COM=T & R1D+ P]=M.E4 ,? 4T.E IS ASSUM$ TO 2 #A4E "TS ! ^7CLOSE/ VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ! %ORTE/ VIEW+ 4T.E T A P]SON C R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T SIZE IS M1SUR$ TO 2 #E 9*ES1 !N ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' = ? R1D] WD 2 #A4E "8 #E 9*ES OR #G4E 9*ES4 ^1,VISUAL ^1,ANGLE3 ,! VISIBIL;Y ( AN OBJECT DEP5DS ON XS ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE4 ,! ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE IS DET]M9$ BY ! COMB9A;N ( ! SIZE ( ! OBJECT & XS 4T.E F ! EYE4 ,?US1 :5"E A PR9T SIZE IS DET]M9$1 X M/ 2 PAIR$ ) VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,! ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE MAY 2 3/RUCT$ F ! TWO L9ES T G F ! EYE TO ! TOP & BOTTOM $GES ( ! OBJECT " T IS #C OBS]V$4 "<,SEE ,FIGURE #A4"> ,9 A#C TE*NICAL T]MS1 ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE EXPRESSES ! SIZE ( AN OBJECT OR IMAGE D]IV$ F BO? ! HEI SIZE1^' & "!=E ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE1 M/ 2 DET]M9$ F A COMB9A;N ( PR9T SIZE " & VIEW+ 4T.E "<4T.E ( ! IMAGE F ! EYE">4 @.<,FIGURE #A DESCRIP;N3 ,! BLACK L9E DRAW+ %[S ?REE LR ;,E'S SIMIL> TO ^? ON ! TOP L9E ( A ,SNELL5 ,EYE *>T4 ,! LR HEI4 ,A F\R? ;,E IS BACKW>DS ON ! 9SIDE ( ! A#D CIRCLE & ALL ! WAY TO ! "R1 REPRES5T+ ! IMAGE Z X IS PRODUC$ ON A RET9A4 ,! FIGURE %[S ! 3CEPT T PR9T SIZE & 4T.E F ! EYE NE$ TO *ANGE 9 PROPOR;N = ! IMAGE TO REMA9 ! SAME 8SIZE0 ON ! RET9A4@.> --------------------------------------#E ^7,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE "<,,CAS">^' IS ! SMALLE/ SIZE PR9T T A P]SON C R1D AT MAXIMUM R1D+ SPE$4 ,? M1SURE IS BAS$ ^U PR9T SIZE & VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 X IS DET]M9$ F AN 9DIVIDUAL'S R1D+ P]=M.E ) V>I\S PR9T SIZES AT A "KN VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,9 ! SY/EM PROPOS$ "H1 ! ^7CRITICAL ANGUL> SIZE "<,,CAS">^' IS DET]M9$ :5 ! TE/ *>T IS POSI;N$ AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,TE*NICALLY1 X IS ! SMALLE/ ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE ( PR9T T / ALL[S = MAXIMUM R1D+ SPE$2 X IS M1SUR$ 9 UNITS ( VISUAL ANGLE4 "<,SEE ^1VISUAL ^1ANGLE EXPLANA;N4"> ,TO ILLU/RATE ! 3CEPT ( ^1,,CAS 9 A PRACTICAL WAY1 A HI< S*OOL S5IOR MI4 ,H] R1D+ SPE$ SL[S NOTIC1BLY :5 %E R1DS SMALL] PR9T1 #A4F,M "4 ,AL? %E MAY R1D AT #ABJ ^WS P] M9UTE US+ L>G] #C4J,M " FONT1 X IS M E6ICI5T TO PROVIDE #B4J,M FONT1 ! PR9T SIZE ": H] MAXIMUM R1D+ SPE$ IS R1*$ AT A 4T.E ( #AJ 9*ES4 ,X IS N NEC = --------------------------------------#F H] TO H ! L>G] FONT TO R1D MO/ E6ICI5TLY4 ,Z A RESULT1 ! HI< S*OOL /UD5T'S T1*] N[ RECOMM5DS A PR9T SIZE ( #B4J,M AT #AJ 9*ES :5 ! /UD5T R1DS SIMIL> PASSAGES4 ,? IS H] ^1,,CAS = ? K9D ( TASK3 #B4J,M AT #AJ 9*ES ) ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN FONT4 ,,NOTE3 ,/UD5TS FREQU5TLY 5C.T] ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN & ,"TS FONTS 9 _! TEXTBOOKS4 ,^! TWO FONTS >E ALM ID5TICAL1 BO? HAV+ S]IFS & _! L[]CASE LRS >E AB #DE.0 ( ! TOTAL FONT HEIE ALL FONTS )\T S]IFS2 _! L[]CASE LRS >E AB #EC.0 ( ! TOTAL FONT HEIE SIGNIFICANTLY TALL] ?AN ^? 9 #AH-PO9T ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN FONT4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! SAME ^1,,CAS :5 L;G] VIEW+ 4T.ES >E US$1 ! PR9T SIZE M/ 2 MADE L>G] 9 PROPOR;N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF ! PR9T IS MADE SMALL]1 A CLOS] VIEW+ 4T.E IS REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 ! ^1,,CAS4 ,! EVALUATOR C G5]ATE A SIMPLE TABLE T LI/S ! APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE T IS ADJU/$ = DI6]5T VIEW+ 4T.ES4 ,? TABLE W %[ U ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE IS PROPOR;NAL TO VIEW+ 4T.E4 "<,SEE ,TABLE #A4"> @.<,PAGE A#G@.> --------------------------------------#G ,9 ! EXAMPLE ) ! HI< S*OOL S5IOR1 :5 H] VIEW+ 4T.E 9CR1SES TWOFOLD TO #BJ 9*ES = H] COMPUT] "W1 H] T1*] W RECOMM5D A TWOFOLD 9CR1SE 9 ! FONT SIZE TO #D4J,M "4 ,IF H] VIEW+ 4T.E 7 TO 9CR1SE TO #CJ 9*ES "<#C #G "TS M">1 !N #F4J,M FONT A#G "<#C "8 #B4J,M"> WD 2 RECOMM5D$4 ,? PROPOR;NAL 9CR1SE 9 PR9T SIZE Z ! VIEW+ 4T.E 9CR1SES MA9TA9S ! ^1,,CAS = ? HI< S*OOL /UD5T4 ,X PRES5TS ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE = H] AT ADJU/$ VIEW+ 4T.ES4 ,TABLE #A ,EXAMPLE ( ,PR9T ,SIZE & ,VIEW+ ,4T.E ,NE$$ TO ,MA9TA9 ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE = ,PASSAGE ,R1D+ = A ,HI< ,S*OOL ,S5IOR4 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777 ,VIEW+ ,4T.E ,MO/ ,E6ICI5T ,PR9T ,SIZE "33333333333 "333333333333333333333333 #AJ """""""" #B,M #BJ """""""" #D,M #CJ """""""" #F,M GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG --------------------------------------#H ,N[ WE C APPLY ^! PR9CIPLES TO DET]M9E APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE US+ ! *>TS 9 A#H ? PROGRAM4 ,2L >E ! /EPS = US+ ! *>TS4 _4 ,USE A *>T ) A SEQU;E ( DI6]5T PR9T SIZES S* Z ! "OS PROVID$4 _4 ,ALL[ ! *>T TO 2 HELD ) BO? H&S4 ,D N L1N ! >MS AG/ ! TABLETOP :5 AVOIDABLE4 _4 ,! R1D] %D WE> EYEGLASSES IF !Y H BE5 PRESCRIB$ = R1D+ TASKS4 ,DET]M9E ,BE/ ,CLOSE ,VIEW+ ,4T.E _4 ,ASK ! R1D] TO R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T POSSIBLE ON ! *>T4 _4 ,M1SURE ! VIEW+ 4T.E US$ TO R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T POSSIBLE4 "<,? IS ! ^7CLOSE/ VIEW+ 4T.E4^'"> ,R1D+ SPE$ W 2 SL[ :5 ! /UD5T /RU7LES TO R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T4 _4 ,E/IMATE ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' BY MULTIPLY+ ^7CLOSE/ VIEW+ 4T.E^' BY #A4E4 --------------------------------------#I ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE #I AT ! ,BE/ ,CLOSE ,VIEW+ ,4T.E A#I _4 ,ASK ! R1D] TO HOLD ! *>T AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,,NOTE3 ,X C 2 HELD AT A L;G] 4T.E1 B N AT A %ORT] 4T.E ?AN ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' IS RECOMM5D$1 H["E4 _4 ,2 SURE ! PR9T IS 9 CLE> FOCUS4 _4 ,2G9 ) ! L>GE/ PR9T ON ! *>T AT ? 4T.E & ASK ! P]SON TO R1D D[N ! *>T F L>G] TO SMALL] PR9T SIZES4 ,2 SURE TO MA9TA9 ! SAME R1D+ 4T.E Z ! P]SON R1DS SMALL] & SMALL] PR9T SIZES EV5 ?\< ! R1D] MAY WANT TO BR+ ! C>D CLOS] Z ! PR9T GETS SMALL]4 ,,NOTE3 ,X IS N ALW NEC TO 2G9 ) ! L>GE/ PR9T ON ! C>D1 B X IS IMPORTANT T ! 9ITIAL PR9T SIZE TO 2 R1D IS WELL ABV ! SIZE ! P]SON IS EXPECT$ TO R1D4 _4 ,ID5TIFY ! PR9T SIZE :5 R1D+ F/ SL[S D[N NOTIC1BLY4 ,,NOTE3 ,? SL[D[N IS USUALLY Q OBVI\S4 -------------------------------------#AJ _4 ,RECORD ! PR9T SIZE T IS "O /EP L>G] "<"O L9E L>G]"> ON ! R1D+ *>T A#AJ ?AN ! SIZE NOT$ = ! F/ SL[D[N4 ,? IS ! SMALLE/ PR9T SIZE T 0 R1D ) ! BE/ SPE$4 _4 ,! ^1,,CAS = ? R1D] IS DET]M9$ BY ! PR9T SIZE T IS "O /EP L>G] ?AN ! SIZE ( ! PR9T NOT$ AT ! F/ SL[D[N & AT ! VIEW+ 4T.E US$ :5 R1D+ ! *>T4 ,TE*NICALLY1 ! ^1,,CAS IS ! RATIO ( ? PR9T SIZE TO ! VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,EXAMPLE3 ,IF ! SL[D[N O3URS AT #A4J,M "<#I PO9T"> PR9T HELD AT #AB 9*ES1 ! ^1,,CAS IS "O /EP UP ON ! *>T OR #A4BE,M "<#AA PO9T"> PR9T AT #AB 9*ES4 ,? IS ! L9E J ABV ! SIZE ( PR9T ": ! F/ SL[D[N 9 R1D+ O3URR$4 _4 ,REMEMB] T IF ! VIEW+ 4T.E IS *ANG$1 AN ADJU/;T M/ 2 MADE TO ! PR9T SIZE S T X /AYS 9 ! SAME PROPOR;N TO ! VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ! VIEW+ 4T.E IS R$UC$ BY HALF !N ! PR9T SIZE M/ 2 DECR1S$ BY HALF " ,IF ! R1D+ 4T.E IS 9CR1S$ BY #BX !N ! PR9T SIZE M/ 2 9CR1S$ BY #BX4 #AA ,R1D+ ,*>TS #AA ,TABLE #B %[S ! "*I/ICS ( ! R1D+ C>DS T >E "P ( ? PROGRAM4 ,9CLUD$ >E3 _4 ,?REE V].NS ( ! ,BAILEY-,LOVIE S5T;E C>DS AT ! #CRD GRADE R1D+ LEVEL2 _4 ,?REE V].NS ( ! ,BAILEY-,LOVIE ^W C>DS AT ! #CRD GRADE R1D+ LEVEL2 _4 ,FIVE PASSAGE SAMPLES AT #AST1 #CRD1 #DTH1 #FTH & #GTH GRADE R1D+ LEVELS1 & _4 ,TWO PRE-PRIM] S5T;E C>DS4 ,= *N OR ADULTS ^: R1D+ LEVEL IS #CRD GRADE OR ABV1 EVALUATORS MAY WI% TO ADM9I/] ! DI6]5T TYPES ( ,BAILEY-,LOVIE R1D+ C>DS TO SEE IF "! IS A DI6];E :5 ! /UD5T R1DS S+LE ^WS1 S5T;ES1 & L;G] PASSAGES4 -------------------------------------#AB ,TABLE #B ,"*I/ICS ( ,R1D+ ,*>TS"9 @.<,=MAT = PR9T PAGES #AB-#AD HAS BE5 *ANG$4 ,R[ H1D+S >E A#AB BLOCK$ 9 CELL #E2 COLUMN H1D+S 2G9 9 CELL #A4 ,ALL H1D+S >E REP1T$ = CL>;Y4 ,A COLON SEP>ATES H1D+S F TABLE 5TRIES4 ,SUBH1D+S DIVIDE ! *>T 9TO SEC;NS4 ,^! SUBH1D+S 2G9 9 CELL #A4@.> ,BAILEY-,LOVIE ,S5T;E ,*>TS3 ,^! ACU;Y *>TS H A WIDE RANGE ( SIZES T ALL[ R1D+ ACU;Y TO 2 M1SUR$4 ,! TASK IS /&>DIZ$ AT EA* LEVEL4 ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #A ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #J4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #FJ P] R[ ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE #AC ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #B B#AB ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #J4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #FJ P] R[ ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #C ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #J4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #FJ P] R[ ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,BAILEY-,LOVIE ,^W ,*>TS3 ,^! ACU;Y *>TS H A WIDE RANGE ( SIZES T ALL[ R1D+ ACU;Y TO 2 M1SUR$4 ,! TASK IS /&>DIZ$ AT EA* SIZE LEVEL4 ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #A #AC ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #DI TO #EA P] TWO R[S ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #B ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #DI TO #EA P] TWO R[S ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,V].N #C ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #E4J,M TO #4AF,M ,"*S_/,SPACES3 #DI TO #EA P] TWO R[S ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,PASSAGE ,SAMPLES3 ,^! R1D+ PASSAGES >E REPRES5TATIVE 3T9U\S TEXT SAMPLES4 ,"! >E S"EAL SIZE SAMPLES ( ! SAME PASSAGE = EA* R1D+ LEVEL4 #AE A#AC ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,BO/ON ,TEA ,"PY ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #C4B,M TO #J4H,M ,^W ,C.T3 #ABGE ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #GTH ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,JESSIE ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #C4B,M TO #J4H,M ,^W ,C.T3 #ABBJ ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #FTH ,GRADE -------------------------------------#AD ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,C>LOS ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #C4B,M TO #J4H,M ,^W ,C.T3 #AADC ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #DTH ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,LUCY A#AD ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #C4B,M TO #J4H,M ,^W ,C.T3 #ICH ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #CRD ,GRADE ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,P5NY ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #C4B,M TO #J4H,M ,^W ,C.T3 #BEA ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 #AST ,GRADE ,PRE-PRIM] ,S5T;E ,*>T3 ,^! *>TS 3SI/ ( S5T;ES AT ! PRE-PRIM] LEVEL = 2G9N+ R1D]S4 ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,PRE-PRIM] ,S5T;E ,*>T ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #D4J,M1 #B4E,M1 #A4F,M ,^W ,C.T3 #DG ^WS ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 ,PRE-PRIM] #AG ,*>T ,TYPE3 ,PRE-PRIM] ,S5T;E B#AD ,*>T ,PR9T ,SIZES ,AVAILABLE3 #D4J,M1 #B4E,M1 #A4F,M ,^W ,C.T3 #DF ^WS ,FONT3 ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,R1D+ ,LEVEL3 ,PRE-PRIM] "333333 "9,*>TS US$ ) P]MIS.N ( ! ,NA;NAL ,VI.N ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE ( ,AU/RALIA4 -------------------------------------#AE ,AN ,EXAMPLE ( ! ,ME?OD3 ,MS4 ,PATEL WANTS TO F9D ! BE/ PR9T SIZE = H] FIF? GRADE /UD5T1 ,M+1 :O HAS L[ VI.N4 ,HE IS A GD R1D]4 ,2L >E ! /EPS T ,MS4 ,PATEL FOLL[$ ) ,M+4 @.<,TABLE %[N 9 PR9T HAS BE5 *ANG$ TO P>AGRAPH =MAT4 ,! COLUMN H1D+S >E PRES5T$ Z P>AGRAPH H1D+S4@.> ,9/RUC;NS3 ,USE A *>T ) DI6]5T PR9T SIZES S* Z ! "OS PROVID$4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL DECIDES TO USE ! S5T;E-R1D+ C>DS4 ,9/RUC;NS3 ,ALL[ ! *>T TO 2 A#AE HELD ) BO? H&S :5 POSSIBLE4 ,D N ALL[ ! /UD5T TO L1N 8 >MS AG/ ! TABLETOP4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,M+ IS ASK$ TO SIT 9 A *AIR & HOLD ! C>D ) BO? H&S4 ,9/RUC;NS3 ,! R1D] %D WE> EYEGLASSES IF !Y H BE5 PRESCRIB$ = R1D+ TASKS4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,M+ USES 8 PRESCRIB$ EYEGLASSES : >E SUPPOS$ TO 2 US$ = BO? NE> & 4T.E "W4 -------------------------------------#AF ,H[ TO ,DET]M9E ! ,BE/ ,CLOSE ,VIEW+ ,4T.E ,9/RUC;NS3 ,ASK ! R1D] TO R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T POSSIBLE ON ! *>T4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL ASKS ,M+ TO R1D ! SMALLE/ PR9T T HE C SEE ON ! R1D+ C>D4 ,HE C HOLD ! C>D AT ANY 4T.E4 ,9/RUC;NS3 ,DET]M9E ! ^7CLOSE/ VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL M1SURES ! 4T.E F ! *>T TO #AI ,M+'S EYES OR FRONT ( 8 A#AF EYEGLASSES :5 ,M+ R1DS ! SMALLE/ PR9T HE C DECIPH]4 ,HE C J R1D #A4J,M PR9T "<#I PO9T"> :5 X IS #E4BE 9*ES AWAY4 ,MS4 ,PATEL "KS T ? PR9T SIZE IS F> TOO SMALL = ,M+ TO R1D = L;G P]IODS4 ,X IS AT ! ?RE%OLD ( 8 ABIL;Y TO R1D4 ,HE R1D ? SMALL PR9T B ! TASK 0 V DI6ICULT = ,M+4 ,HE NE$S TO R1D M* L>G] PR9T = SU/A9$ "W AT S*OOL4 ,S ,MS4 ,PATEL 3T9UES ) ! TE/ PROC$URES4 -------------------------------------#AG ,9/RUC;NS3 ,E/IMATE ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,! SMALLE/ PR9T ,M+ CD R1D 0 #A4J,M1 & HE _H TO HOLD ! C>D AT #E4BE 9*ES TO R1D ? SMALL PR9T4 ,MS4 ,PATEL MULTIPLIES #E4BE 9*ES BY #A4E TO F9D ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' = ,M+4 ,? IS #H 9*ES "<#E4BE 9*ES "8 #A4E "7 #G4H 9*ES R.D$ TO #H 9*ES">4 ,? IS EQUIVAL5T TO #BJ C5TIMET]S4 ,H[ TO ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL A#AG ,ANGUL> ,SIZE AT ,BE/ ,CLOSE ,VIEW+ ,4T.E ,9/RUC;NS3 ,ASK ! R1D] TO HOLD ! *>T AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,! R1D] %D 2 9 CLE> FOCUS4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,M+ HOLDS ! *>T AT #H 9*ES1 AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' DET]M9$ BY ,MS4 ,PATEL4 ,M+ 3T9UES TO WE> 8 PRESCRIB$ EYEGLASSES4 -------------------------------------#AH ,9/RUC;NS3 ,2G9 ) ! L>GE/ PR9T ON ! *>T AT ? 4T.E & H ! P]SON R1D D[N ! *>T F L>G] TO SMALL] PR9T SIZES4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL ASKS ,M+ TO R1D ! TOP L9E ON ! S5T;E-R1D+ *>T1 !N 3T9UE R1D+ )\T /OPP+4 ,MS4 ,PATEL WAT*ES TO 5SURE T ! #H-9* VIEW+ 4T.E IS MA9TA9$4 ,) SMALL] PR9T ,M+ IS TEMPT$ TO MOVE ! R1D+ *>T CLOS]1 B ,MS4 ,PATEL 4C\RAGES ?4 ,9/RUC;NS3 ,ID5TIFY :5 R1D+ F/ SL[S D[N NOTIC1BLY4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,M+ R1DS AT A /1DY RATE UNTIL HE R1*ES #BA PR9T T IS #A4BE,M4 ,AT ? #A4BE,M A#AH SIZE1 8 R1D+ SPE$ NOTIC1BLY SL[S D[N4 ,MS4 ,PATEL MAKES A NOTE ( ^! R1D+ 2HAVIORS ON ! RECORD %EET4 ,Z ,M+ 3T9UES TO R1D D[N ! *>T1 8 R1D+ SPE$ SL[S EV5 M1 B ! F/ NOTIC1BLE SL[D[N 0 AT #A4BE,M4 -------------------------------------#AI ,9/RUC;NS3 ,RECORD ! PR9T SIZE T IS "O /EP L>G] "<"O SIZE L>G]"> ON ! R1D+ *>T ?AN ! SIZE = ! F/ SL[D[N4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL LOOKS AT ! R1D+ *>T & NOTES T "O /EP L>G] "T"> IS #A4F,M4 ,= ? S5T;E R1D+ TASK1 %E RECORDS T ,M+'S ^1,,CAS IS #A4F,M AT #H 9*ES4 ,9/RUC;NS3 ,REMEMB] T IF ! VIEW+ 4T.E IS *ANG$1 AN ADJU/;T M/ 2 MADE TO ! PR9T SIZE S T X /AYS 9 ! SAME PROPOR;N TO ! VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL "KS T ,M+ USES 8 ,,CCTV AT AB #AF 9*ES4 ,HE VIEWS ! COMPUT] AT GR\P "T AT AB #BD 9*ES4 ,F ! RECORD+ "W%EET1 %E 0 ABLE TO MAKE A TABLE ( ! PR9T SIZES T WD 2 BE/ = ,M+ AT "S O!R VIEW+ A#AI 4T.ES4 ,"H IS ! TABLE %E 3/RUCT$ TO -------------------------------------#BJ %[ ! APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE AT DI6]5T 4T.ES = ,M+3 #BC 777777777777777777777777777777777 A#BJ @.<,PR9T =MAT IS *ANG$4 ,COLUMNS FOLL[ EA* O!R 9 ? ORD]3 ,OPTIMAL ,PR9T ,SIZE3 ,VIEW+ ,4T.E@.> #A4F,M _/ #AD PO9T3 #H 9*ES #C4B,M "<#A4F,M "8 #B"> _/ #BH PO9T3 #AF 9*ES "<#H77 "8 #B"> #E,M "<#A4F,M "8 #C "7 #D4H,M & R.D$ TO #E,M _/ #DD PO9T3 #BD 9*ES "<#H77 "8 #C"> GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ,9/RUC;NS3 ,USE ^1,,CAS F ! R1D+ *>TS Z A />T+ PO9T = O!R R1D+ TASKS4 ,MS4 ,PATEL'S PROC$URES ) ,M+3 ,MS4 ,PATEL W N[ EXPLORE ! BE/ PR9T SIZE = ,M+ ON 8 V>I\S R1D+ TASKS & USE ? TABLE Z A />T+ PO9T4 -------------------------------------#BA ,?+S TO ,WAT* ,C>E;LLY _4 ,2 SURE T ! R1D] IS 9 BE/ FOCUS ) ! APPROPRIATE EYEGLASSES 9 PLACE4 A#BA _4 ,2 SURE T ! R1D+ *>T IS HELD AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E^' M1SUR$ ) T R1D+ *>T4 _4 ,REMEMB] T PR9T SIZE & VIEW+ 4T.E >E RELAT$4 ,ONCE ! ^1,,CAS HAS BE5 DET]M9$1 PR9T SIZE W *ANGE 9 PROPOR;N TO EA* *ANGE 9 VIEW+ 4T.E4 _4 ,REMEMB] T BE/ PR9T SIZE IS TASK DEP5D5T4 ,! ACTUAL PR9T SIZE REQUIR$ = SPECIFIC R1D+ TASKS W REQUIRE "S F9E-TUN+1 & ! PR9T SIZE DET]M9$ F ! R1D+ *>TS W 2 US$ Z A />T+ PO9T4 _4 ,REMEMB] T O!R ASPECTS ( TEXT F1TURES & ! *'S VISUAL 3DI;N M/ 2 3SID]$ = OPTIMAL PRES5TA;N ( A R1D+ OR MA? TASK4 _4 ,R1D]S >E (T5 A3U/OM$ TO US+ V L>GE PR9T SIZES1 ON ! ASSUMP;N T BI7] IS BETT]4 ,B :5 ? ^1,,CAS ME?OD %[S T SMALL] PR9T C 2 R1D E6ICI5TLY1 X MAY TAKE A LL "T = ! R1D] TO GET A3U/OM$ TO R1D+ PR9T AT A SMALL] SIZE4 -------------------------------------#BB _4 ,IF ! P]SON R1DS V SL[LY AT ALL #BE PR9T SIZE LEVELS1 & ? IS N A#BB RELAT$ TO COGNITIVE 3C]NS1 "! IS LIKELY V L[ VI.N OR V COMPROMIS$ C5TRAL VI.N4 ,? TE/+ ME?OD MIG] ?AN ! SMALLE/ PR9T T 0 R1D AT ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,3SID] ALT]NATE R1D+ ME?ODS S* Z ,BRL OR AUDITORY \TPUT Z PRIM>Y OR SECOND>Y R1D+ MODES :5 R1D+ IS V SL[ AT ALL PR9T SIZES 2C ( L[ VI.N 3C]NS4 ,"W%EET TO ,RECORD ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE ,DATA ,TWO GRAPHS >E 9CLUD$ ON A SIMPLE "W%EET TO RECORD DATA TO DET]M9E ^1,,CAS D]IV$ F ! R1D+ *>TS4 ,!Y >E SIMPLE TO USE & PROVIDE 9=MA;N AN EVALUATOR NE$S TO DET]M9E ! PROPOR;NATE PR9T SIZE = V>I\S R1D+ 4T.ES4 _4 ,! F/ GRAPH ALL[S ! EVALUATOR TO 5T] ! SPE$ ( R1D+ = DI6]5T-SIZ$ B#BB PR9T ON ! R1D+ C>DS AL;G A 3T9UUM F FA/ TO M$IUM1 M$IUM TO SL[4 ,? IS J AN E/IMATE1 B ! PO9T ": R1D+ 2G9S TO SL[ D[N IS USUALLY Q OBVI\S4 -------------------------------------#BC ,FIGURE #B ,RECORD ,%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE3 ,QK ,ME?OD @.<,FIGURE #B IS A BLANK GRAPH US$ TO DET]M9E ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE4 ,! V]TICAL AXIS IS LABEL$3 ,,R1D+ ,,E6ICI5CY2 SL[1 M$IUM1 & FA/4 ,! HORIZONTAL AXIS IS LABEL$ 8,,PR9T ,,SIZE0 US+ TWO M1SURE;TS3 ;,M UNITS & ,PO9TS1 #E4J ;,M UNITS_/#DD ,PO9TS "? #J4AF,M UNITS_/#A4E ,PO9TS4@.> ,9 \R EXAMPLE ) ,M+1 ,MS4 ,PATEL NOT$ ON ! GRAPH : PR9T SIZES 7 R1D AT #BG FA/1 M$IUM & SL[ SPE$S4 A#BC -------------------------------------#BD ,FIGURE #C ,RECORD ,%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE ,= ! ,EXAMPLE ) ,M+ @.<,FIGURE #C@.> ,R1D+ 4T.E "7 #BJ CM ,,CAS "7 #A4F,M PR9T AT #BJ CM @.<,FIGURE #C USES ! GRAPH F ,FIGURE #B TO DET]M9E ,M+'S ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE "<,,CAS">4 ,! DATA >E SUMM>IZ$ 2L4 ,! FOLL[+ PR9T SIZES >E LABEL$ 8FA/03 #E4J,M UNITS_/#DD ,PO9TS2 #D4J,M UNITS_/#CF ,PO9TS2 #C4B,M UNITS_/#BH ,PO9TS2 #B4E,M UNITS_/#BB ,PO9TS2 #B4J,M UNITS_/#AH ,PO9TS2 #A4F,M UNITS_/#AD ,PO9TS4 ,! PR9T SIZE #A4BE,M UNITS_/#AA ,PO9TS IS 2T M$IUM & FA/4 ,! PR9T SIZE #A4J,M UNITS_/#I ,PO9TS IS M$IUM4 ,! LA/ PO9T1 #J4HJ,M A#BD UNITS_/#G ,PO9TS IS SL[4@.> ,! SECOND GRAPH HELPS ! EVALUATOR DET]M9E ! PR9T SIZE TO 2 US$ Z VIEW+ 4T.ES 9CR1SE OR DECR1SE4 -------------------------------------#BE ,FIGURE #D ,RECORD ,%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE ,= ! ,EXAMPLE ) ,M+ @.<,FIGURE #D IS A BLANK GRAPH TO DET]M9E ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE4 ,! V]TICAL AXIS IS LABEL$3 ,,R1D+ ,,4T.E1 #AJ CM_/#D 9* "? #FC CM_/#BE 9*4 ,! HORIZONTAL AXIS IS LABEL$ 8,,PR9T ,,SIZE0 US+ TWO M1SURE;TS3 ;,M UNITS & ,PO9TS1 #E4J ;,M UNITS_/#DD ,PO9TS "? #J4AF,M UNITS_/#A4E ,PO9TS4@.> ,9 ! EXAMPLE ) ,M+1 ,MS4 ,PATEL F.D ! PO9T ON ! GRAPH T 9DICATES #A4F,M FONT "<#AD PO9T"> R1D AT #BJ C5TIMET]S #BI "<#H 9*ES">4 ,TO DET]M9E ! A#BE OPTIMAL PR9T SIZE AT O!R VIEW+ 4T.ES1 ,MS4 ,PATEL NE$ ONLY FOLL[ AL;G ! DIAGONAL L9E M>K$ 9 BLUE 9 ! GRAPH 2L4 ,IF R1D+ MAT]IAL IS HELD AT #BE C5TIMET]S "<#AJ 9*ES">1 = EXAMPLE1 %E W USE #B4J,M FONT "<#AH PO9T"> ) ,M+4 ,IF R1D+ MAT]IAL IS HELD AT #EJ C5TIMET]S "<#BJ 9*ES">1 %E USES #D4J,M FONT -------------------------------------#BF "<#CF PO9T"> ) ,M+4 ,REMEMB] T ! PR9T SIZE DET]M9A;NS AT ^! VIEW+ 4T.ES >E A />T+ PO9T4 ,A SKILL$ EVALUATOR M/ !N "W ) ! P]SON ) L[ VI.N TO F9E-TUNE ! PR9T SIZE *OICE BAS$ ^U 9DIVIDUALIZ$ R1D+ TASKS4 ,FIGURE #E ,RECORD ,%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,OPTIMAL ,PR9T ,SIZE AT ,DI6]5T ,VIEW+ ,4T.ES = ,M+ @.<,FIGURE #E@.> ,DET]M9$ ,,CAS "7 #A4F,M AT #BJ CM @.<,FIGURE #E USES ! GRAPH F ,FIGURE #D TO DET]M9E ,M+'S A#BF OPTIMAL PR9T SIZE AT DI6]5T VIEW+ 4T.ES4 ,! R1D+ 4T.E /1DILY DECR1SES Z ! PR9T SIZE DECR1SES4 ,"O PO9T IS LABEL$ Z AN 9T]SEC;N & IS CIRCL$ Z ! ,DET]M9$ ,,CAS AT #BJ CM_/#H 9*ES & #A4F,M UNITS_/#AD ,PO9TS4 ,! DATA >E SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE4 ,! F/ COLUMN REPRES5TS ! V]TICAL AXIS & ! SECOND COLUMN REPRES5TS ! HORIZONTAL AXIS4 ,KEY3 ;M ;,M UNITS@.> #CA ,FIGURE #E B#BF ,R1D+ ,4T.E ,PR9T ,SIZE "333333333333333 "3333333333333333 #EJ CM_/#BJ 9* #D4JM_/#CF PO9TS #DJ CM_/#AF 9* #C4BM_/#BH PO9TS #CB CM_/#AB4E 9* #B4EM_/#BB PO9TS #BE CM_/#AJ 9* #B4JM_/#AH PO9TS #BJ CM_/#H 9* "" #A4FM_/#AD PO9TS #AF CM_/#F4C 9* #A4BEM_/#AA PO9TS #AB4E CM_/#E 9* #A4JM_/#I PO9TS #AJ CM_/#D 9* "" #J4HJM_/#G PO9TS -------------------------------------#BG ,PR9T ,SIZE ON ,ELECTRONIC ,SCRE5 ,4PLAYS ,= SCRE5 4PLAYS1 LR HEIE PROGRAMS TELLS Y ! SIZE ( ! FONT AVAILABLE 9 A H>D COPY PR9T\T1 N ! SIZE ( ! FONT 4PLAY$ ON ! SCRE54 ,= EXAMPLE1 H>D COPY PR9T 9 #BJ PO9T ,"TS A#BG ,NEW ,ROMAN FONT W H L[]CASE LRS T >E #C4F MM HI<1 B ! SIZE ( ! PR9T ON MO/ SCRE5 4PLAYS W 2 "S:AT L>G]4 ,! SIZE ( #BJ PO9T ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ON ! SCRE5 W DEP5D ON ! SCRE5 SIZE1 ! RESOLU;N SETT+S *OS5 9 ! 3TROL PANEL1 & ! MAGNIFICA;N VALUES OR ZOOM SETT+S US$4 ,TO *OOSE FONT SIZE = COMPUT] SCRE5S1 ,,CCTV,'S1 OR O!R ELECTRONIC SCRE5 4PLAYS1 X IS NEC TO M1SURE ! ACTUAL SIZE ( ! FONT ON ! SCRE5 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! DESIR$ PR9T SIZE4 ,TO DET]M9E ! SIZE ( FONT 9 ;,M-UNITS F ! LR HEIT TO HELP ) ^! CALCULA;NS4 ,ALW REMEMB] TO 9CLUDE ! PR9T SIZE "<9 MILLIMET]S OR ;,M-UNITS"> & ! VIEW+ 4T.E TO DET]M9E ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PR9T SIZE = USE ) ELECTRONIC DEVICES4 #CC ,APP5DIX ,A #BH "<,SEE AL ELECTRONIC *>TS ONL9E AT WWW4APH4ORG_/MANUALS_/"> ,3V].N ,TABLE = ,PR9T ,SIZE ,NOTA;N ,! *>TS PROVID$ ) ? SY/EM USE ;,M SIZE NOTA;N R ?AN PO9T SIZE NOTA;N S9CE ;,M SIZE IS A M UNI=M M1SURE ( PR9T SIZE4 ,TABLE #C %[S 3V].NS F ;,M-UNITS TO PO9T NOTA;N = ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN FONT4 ,! TABLE AL 9CLUDES ! HEIT 777777777777777777777777777777777 A#BI ,"TS ,NEW ,ROMAN ,FONT "333333333333333333333 ;,M-,UNITS ,PO9T ,SIZE MM "333333333 "3333333333 "3333 #AJ4J """" #IJ """"""" #AD4E #H4J """"" #GB """"""" #AA4D #F4C """"" #EF """"""" #I4A #E4J """"" #DD """"""" #G4C #D4J """"" #CF """"""" #E4H #C4B """"" #BH """"""" #D4E #B4E """"" #BB """"""" #C4F #B4J """"" #AH """"""" #B4I #A4FJ """" #AD """"""" #B4C #A4BE """" #AA """"""" #A4H #A4JJ """" #I """""""" #A4E #J4HJ """" #G """""""" #A4B #J4FC """" #E4E """""" #J4IA #J4EJ """" #D4E """""" #J4GC #J4DJ """" #C4E """""" #J4EH #J4CB """" #C4J """""" #J4DE #J4BE """" #B4E """""" #J4CF #J4BJ """" #B4J """""" #J4BI #J4AF """" #A4E """""" #J4BC GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG #CE ,"H >E "S RULES ( ?UMB AB PO9T #CJ SIZE1 ;,M NOTA;N1 & HEID COPY1 DIVIDE ! PO9T SIZE BY #I4 _4 ,TO DET]M9E ! SIZE ( PR9T 9 ;,M-UNITS F ! LR HEI ,SIZE ,PROCESS3 ,A ,QK ,ME?OD TO ,E/IMATE ,PR9T ,SIZE ,/UD5T .- ,DATE .- ,EVALUATOR .- A#CA ,R1D+ ,MAT]IAL ,US$ .- ,APP5DIX ;,C ,"W%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE ,- ,QK ,ME?OD @.<,BLANK GRAPH US$ TO DET]M9E ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE4 ,! V]TICAL AXIS IS LABEL$3 ,,R1D+ ,,E6ICI5CY2 SL[1 M$IUM1 & FA/4 ,! HORIZONTAL AXIS IS LABEL$ 8,,PR9T ,,SIZE0 US+ TWO M1SURE;TS3 ;,M UNITS & ,PO9TS1 #E4J ;,M UNITS_/#DD ,PO9TS "? #J4AF,M UNITS_/#A4E ,PO9TS4@.> -------------------------------------#CB ,APP5DIX ;,D ,"W%EET TO ,DET]M9E ,OPTIMAL ,PR9T ,SIZE AT ,DI6]5T ,VIEW+ ,4T.ES @.<,BLANK GRAPH TO DET]M9E ! ,CRITICAL ,ANGUL> ,SIZE4 ,! V]TICAL AXIS IS LABEL$3 ,,R1D+ ,,4T.E1 #CG #AJ CM_/#D 9* "? #FC CM_/#BE A#CB 9*4 ,! HORIZONTAL AXIS IS LABEL$ 8,,PR9T ,,SIZE0 US+ TWO M1SURE;TS3 ;,M UNITS & ,PO9TS1 #E4J ;,M UNITS_/#DD ,PO9TS "? #J4AF,M UNITS_/#A4E ,PO9TS4@.> ,COM;TS3 .- -------------------------------------#CC ,COM;TS3 .- -------------------------------------#CD ,COM;TS3 .- ,REF];ES #CE ,BAILEY1 ,I41 ,LOVIE1 ;,J41 "<#AIHJ">4 ,BAILEY-,LOVIE ,LOG,M> ,*>TS1 ,NA;NAL ,VI.N ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE ( ,AU/RALIA3 ,MELB\RNE1 ,,AU ,KRAN1 ,B4,S4 @& ,MAY]1 ,D4,L4 "<#BJAD">4 ,ASSESS;T ( VISUAL FUNC;N & FUNC;NAL VI.N4 ,9 ,A4,H4 ,LUECK @& ;,G4 ;,N4 ,DUTTON1 ,VI.N & ! ,BRA93 ,"U/&+ ,C]EBRAL ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T 9 ,*N4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,,AFB ,PRESS ,BAILEY1 ,I4,L4 @& ,LUECK1 ,A4,H4 "<#BJAE"> #CI ,GLOSS>Y ( ,KEY ,T]MS #CF ,A3OMMODA;N3 ,! ABIL;Y ( ! CRY/ALL9E L5S ( ! EYE TO *ANGE %APE 9 ORD] TO FOCUS ! IMAGE ( OBJECTS LOCAT$ AT DI6]5T 4T.ES CLE>LY ONTO ! RET9A4 ,ACU;Y RES]VE3 ,! RATIO ( PR9T SIZE T A P]SON 9T5DS TO R1D COMP>$ TO ! SMALLE/ PR9T LEGIBLE = T P]SON AT T 4T.E4 ,ASC5D]S3 ,! "P ( "S L[]CASE LRS T EXT5DS ABV MO/ O!R L[]CASE LRS4 ,BE/ ANGUL> SIZE "<,,BAS">3 ,A REPRES5TA;N ( ! PR9T SIZE & VIEW+ 4T.E COMB9A;NS T >E MO/ E6ECTIVE = AN 9DIVIDUAL'S R1D+4 ,? MAY 2 BAS$ ON EI ! ^1,,CAS OR ! ^7PREF]R$ ANGUL> SIZE^' TE/ ME?OD4 ,BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E3 ,A VIEW+ 4T.E PR$ICT$ TO ALL[ = BE/ VISUAL COM=T & R1D+ P]=M.E4 ,? 4T.E IS ASSUM$ TO 2 #EJ.0 F>!R F ! EYES ?AN ! CLOSE/ 4T.E AT : SMALL PR9T C 2 R1D4 -------------------------------------#CG ,,CCTV3 ,CLOS$-CIRCUIT TELEVI.N SY/EMS "<,,CCTV,'S"> USE A VIDEO OR DIGITAL CAM]A TO CAPTURE IMAGES TO 2 A#CG 4PLAY$ ON MONITORS4 ,SPECIALIZ$ ,,CCTV,'S = USE BY 9DIVIDUALS ) L[ VI.N T MAGNIFY IMAGES & MAY ALL[ MANIPULA;N ( 3TRA/1 B"R;S1 & O!R F1TURES TO AID R1D+ & O!R TASKS4 ,CRITICAL ANGUL> SIZE "<,,CAS">3 ,AN 9DEX ( ^7BE/ ANGUL> SIZE^' BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL R1D+ P]=M.E ) V>I\S PR9T SIZES AT A "KN VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,X IS ! SMALLE/ VISUAL ANGLE ( PR9T T / ALL[S = MAXIMUM R1D+ SPE$ & IS M1SUR$ 9 UNITS ( ANGLE4 ,CRITICAL PR9T SIZE3 ^7,CRITICAL PR9T SIZE^' IS ! SMALLE/ PR9T SIZE T ALL[S A MAXIMUM R1D+ SPE$ AT A FIX$ VIEW+ 4T.E4 ,X IS M1SUR$ 9 UNITS ( HEIE US$ TO PRODUCE 5L>G$ IMAGES4 ,S* TE*NOLOGIES 9CLUDE CLOS$-CIRCUIT TELEVI.N MAGNIFI]S1 H&HELD DIGITAL MAGNIFI]S1 & L>GE #DA PR9T S(TW>E PROGRAMS4 A#CH ,EQUIVAL5T VIEW+ 4T.E "<,,EVD">3 ,? T]M IS US$ TO EXPRESS ! MAGNIFY+ E6ECT ( ANY OPTICAL OR ANY O!R 4PLAY SY/EM4 ,X IS ! 4T.E AT : ! ORIG9AL OBJECT WD NE$ TO 2 HELD 9 ORD] TO SUBT5D AN ANGLE T IS EQUAL TO ! ANGLE T ! IMAGE F ! MAGNIFICA;N SY/EM SUBT5DS AT ! OBS]V]'S EYE4 ,= A GIV5 OBS]V] ) ANY SY/EM1 ! SIZE ( ! SMALLE/ RESOLVABLE PR9T IS PROPOR;NAL TO ! ,EQUIVAL5T ,VIEW+ ,4T.E4 ,EQUIVAL5T VIEW+ P[] "<,,EVP">3 ,? IS ! RECIPROCAL ( ! ,EQUIVAL5T ,VIEW+ ,4T.E1 & X AL EXPRESSES ! MAGNIFY+ E6ECT ( OPTICAL SY/EMS4 ,,EVP IS EXPRESS$ 9 DIOPT]S1 : IS ! UNIT COMMONLY US$ TO QUANTIFY ! P[] ( L5SES4 ,! ,,EVP C 2 US$ TO PROVIDE A S+LE EXPRES.N ( ! MAGNIFY+ E6ECT A*IEV$ BY COMPLEX OPTICAL SY/EMS4 -------------------------------------#CI ,FUNC;NAL BL;S3 ,A 3DI;N 9 : "! IS LL OR NO VI.N S ! 9DIVIDUAL _C RELIABLY & E6ICI5TLY USE VI.N = MO/ CRITICAL TASKS1 9CLUD+ R1D+ & WRIT+4 A#CI ,HEMISPH]ICAL DOME MAGNIFI]3 ,A K9D ( OPTICAL MAGNIFI] ) A CURV$ TOP SURFACE %AP$ L A HALF SP"H & A FLAT L[] SURFACE : IS HELD AG/ ! PAGE = R1D+4 ,ALL S* MAGNIFI]S PROVIDE A RELATIVELY B"R IMAGE & AB #A4E"8 MAGNIFICA;N4 ,L[ VI.N3 ,A VI.N LOSS SEV]E 5 TO IMP$E AN 9DIVIDUAL'S ABIL;Y TO LE>N OR P]=M USUAL TASKS ( DAILY LIFE1 GIV5 T 9DIVIDUAL'S LEVEL ( MATUR;Y & CULTURAL 5VIRON;T1 B T / ALL[S "S FUNC;NALLY USE;L VISUAL 4CRIM9A;N4 ,L[ VI.N _C 2 CORRECT$ TO NORMAL BY REGUL> EYEGLASSES4 -------------------------------------#DJ ;,M NOTA;N3 ,LR SIZE GIV5 9 METRIC UNITS4 ,MET] OR ;,M NOTA;N IS N[ ! PREF]R$ ME?OD TO DET]M9E ! SIZE RAT+ ( LRS US$ ON R1D+ ACU;Y *>TS & ON *>TS SIMULAT+ R1D+ T USE SYMBOLS 9/1D ( LRS1 E4G41 ,,LEA C>DS4 ;,M NOTA;N IS A M /&>DIZ$ M1SURE ( LR SIZE ?AN O!R NOTA;NAL SY/EMS S* Z PO9T SIZE1 R$UC$ ,SNELL51 OR ,JAEG] SIZE4 ,A #DC #A4J,M LR MAKES A #E-M9UTE A#DJ ANGLE :5 X IS #A MET] AWAY F ! EYE4 ,MYOPIA3 ,A COMMON 3DI;N 9 : AN EL;GAT$ EYEBALL OR TOO-/R;G NATURAL L5SES CAUSE LISI NE> VI.N4 ,OCULOMOTOR3 ,A T]M T RELATES TO EYE MOVE;TS & ! FUNC;N ( MUSCLES 9 & >.D ! EYE4 ,OPTICAL MAGNIFICA;N3 ,! PROCESS BY : L5SES >E US$ TO PRODUCE 5L>G$ IMAGES4 ,L5SES 9CLUDE H&HELD MAGNIFI]S1 /& MAGNIFI]S1 & TELESCOPES4 -------------------------------------#DA ,PO9T SIZE3 ,A COMMON UNIT ( M1SURE = PR9T SIZE DEVELOP$ BY PR9T]S TO DESCRIBE ! SIZE ( ! BLOCKS ( METAL4 ,"O PO9T IS EQUAL TO #A_/#GB 9*4 ,! ACTUAL SIZE ( ! LRS IS (T5 SMALL] ?AN ! 5TIRE BLOCK :5 "O 3SID]S L[]CASE LRS )\T ASC5D]S OR DESC5D]S : ONLY O3UPY AB HALF ! BLOCK4 ,PREF]R$ ANGUL> SIZE "<,,PAS">3 ,? IS AN 9DEX ( ^7BE/ ANGUL> SIZE^' BAS$ A#DA ON 9DIVIDUAL R1D+ P]=M.E ) PROGRESSIVELY SMALL] PR9T SIZES :ILE ! OBS]V] IS P]MITT$ TO *ANGE VIEW+ 4T.ES4 ,EA* ADJU/;T ( VIEW+ 4T.E 9 ORD] TO R1D SMALL] PR9T PROVIDES A M1SURE ( ! R1D]'S PREF];ES4 ,! COMB9A;N ( A PR9T SIZE & ! ADOPT$ VIEW+ 4T.E PROVIDES AN ANGUL> M1SURE ( SIZE PREF];E4 ,! ,,PSP DET]M9ES ! PREF]R$ ANGUL> SIZE :5 ! VIEW+ 4T.E IS AT OR NE> ! ^7BE/ CLOSE VIEW+ 4T.E4^' -------------------------------------#DB ,PRESBYOPIA3 ,Z P GET OLD]1 ! FLEXIBIL;Y ( ! L5S DECR1SES1 & !Y _C FOCUS Z CLOSELY Z !Y CD :5 !Y 7 "Y]4 ,? 3DI;N IS CALL$ PRESBYOPIA & IS USUALLY ADDRESS$ "? ! USE ( R1D+ GLASSES OR BIFOCALS4 ,RESOLU;N LIMIT3 ,! SMALLE/ PR9T A P]SON C DECIPH] AT ! ^7CLOSE/ VIEW+ 4T.E4^' ,SCOTOMA3 ,AN ISL& OR >EA ( LO/ OR IMPAIR$ VI.N SURR.D$ BY >1S ( NORMAL OR RELATIVELY PRES]V$ VI.N4 ,SNELL5 FRAC;N3 ,VISUAL ACU;Y IS #DE (T5 WRITT5 Z A FRAC;N1 ) ! 4T.E A#DB ( ! LR *>T F ! EYE WRITT5 9 ! FRAC;N'S NUM]ATOR " & ! SIZE RAT+ ( ! SMALLE/ LR OR LRS T 2 R1D ON ! *>T WRITT5 9 ! FRAC;N'S D5OM9ATOR "4 ,? FRAC;N IS CALL$ ! ,SNELL5 FRAC;N4 ,VIEW+ 4T.E3 ,! 4T.E F AN OBJECT ( REG>D TO ! EYE4 -------------------------------------#DC ,VISUAL ACU;Y3 ,VISUAL ACU;Y IS A M1SURE ( ! EYE'S ABIL;Y TO 4C]N F9E DETAIL4 ,:5 DET]M9$ US+ LR *>TS1 VISUAL ACU;Y IS (T5 WRITT5 Z A FRAC;N1 ) ! 4T.E ( ! LR *>T F ! EYE WRITT5 9 ! FRAC;N'S NUM]ATOR " & ! SIZE RAT+ ( ! SMALLE/ LR OR LRS T C 2 R1D ON ! *>T WRITT5 9 ! FRAC;N'S D5OM9ATOR "4 ,VISUAL ACU;Y RAT+ "<,,VAR">3 ,? IS A DESCRIP;N ( ABIL;Y TO SEE DETAIL US+ A SCALE F #J " TO #AJJ "<#BJ_/#BJ OR NORMAL VI.N">4 ,ON ,BAILEY-,LOVIE1 ,,ETDRS1 & SIMIL> ACU;Y *>TS1 EA* LR R1D EQUALS "O PO9T ON ? RAT+ A#DC SCALE4 ,VISUAL ANGLE3 ,? EXPRESSES ! SIZE ( AN OBJECT OR IMAGE D]IV$ F BO? ! HEIGETS A3URATELY & 3SI/5TLY1 S* Z :5 PROGRESS+ "? TEXT4 ;,X-HEIDIZ$ M1SURE ( LRS BAS$ ON ! HEIIES ACR FONT /YLES EV5 = PR9T HAV+ ! SAME PO9T SIZE4 #DG ,NOTES3 .- #DE ,,APH^R ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF #EJB-#HIE-#BDJE #HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI WWW4APH4ORG 9FO@AAPH4ORG ,DECI.N ,MAK+ ,- ,A ,GUIDE TO ,PR9T ,SIZE ,SELEC;N ,COPY"R ^C #BJAH ,CATALOG ,NUMB]3 #G-#IFAEF-#JJ @.<,! ,5D@.> #DI